Word Formation Processes

Summary 2
03 October 2018

WORD FORMATION PROCESS

Ok guys, welcome back to my blog, second blog actually. In this occasion we’ll discuss about WORD FORMATION.

Do you know what is it? In bahasa we can call it “Pembentukan kata”. Word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation refers to the ways in which new words are made on the basic of other words or morphemes.

There are so many types/kinds of word formation below:

1.   Clipping (Shortening)

Shortening a word by deleting one or more syllable. There are three clippings:

• Back-clipping --> Ad. (Advertisement), Prof. (Professor), Doc. (Doctor)
• Fore-clipping --> Phone (Telephone), Gator. (Aligator)
• Middle-clipping --> Flu (Influenza), Tec. (Detective)

2.   Acronym (Singkatan)

Acronym is formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and making a word out of it. Acronym provide a way of turning a phrase into a word. There are two acronyms:

a. Pronounce as a word, contain no initial letters

•  RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging)
•  MADD (Mothers Againts Drunk Driving)
•  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

b.  Pronounce as a String of letters

• FYI (For Your Information)
• LOL (Laughing Out Load)
• NOW ( National Organization of Women)

3.   Blending (Penggabungan dua kata atau lebih menjadi kata baru)

A blend is a word form from part of two other words. These parts are sometimes but not always morpheme. Formation of blendings: 

a. The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other. Examples:

    Brunch (Breakfast + Lunch)

    Moetel (Motor + Hotel)

    Selebgram (Selebrity + Instagram)

    Mantul (Mantap + Betul), Manjiw (Mantap + Jiwa)

    Brownis ( Brondong + Manis)

    Baper (Bawa + Perasaan) 

     b. The beginning of two wors are combined.

          E.g. Cyborg (Cybernetic + Organism) 

     c.  One complete word is combined with part of another word.

          E.g. Guesstimate (Guess + Estimate).  

d. Two words are blended arround a common squence of sounds.

     E.g. Californication (California + Fornication)

          e.  Multiple sounds from two component words are blended. 

 4.  Convertion 
      In some language it is possible to form new lexeme merely by shifting the word category without
      adding any affixes. 
      In English:
      Chair --> To Chair
      Table --> To Table
      To Click --> A Click
      In Duch:
      Hamer (Hammer) --> Hamer-en (To Hammer)
      Winkel (Shop) --> Winkle-en (To Shop)

5. Coinage (Merk Dagang)
    In this process, a complete new word is added. The root is normally the new word. Later on
    otherafixation can be added. E.g. Xerox, Sim, Googling, Yahoo, Honda, Rinso, Pepsodent.
    - Sometimes, these lexicons also get the status of common noun like Rinso (for all detergent),  
      Pepsodent (for all kinds of toothpaste).
    - Googling (searching), Seascape (like landscape), Cheeseburger (like hamburger).

6. Back Formation (Pemotongan bagian kata dengan cara memisahkan imbuhan)
    The less complex word is derived from the more complex word by omitting something.
     E.g. To Sculpt <-- Scluptor, Terminate <-- Terminator, Babysit <-- (Babysitter) 

7. Compounding 
    When two words or at least two root morphemes are joined together, the derived word result a 
    compounding. Example: Tea+Pot --> Teapot, Week+end --> Weekend, Greenhouse, windmill.
    - Close Compounding ( gabung) E.g. Football, Sunshine, Greenhouse
    - Open Compounding (terpisah) E.g. Cell phone, Runner up
    Types of Compounding:
    a. Right-Headed E.g. Greenhouse (is a kind of house), Skyblue (is a kind of blue)
    b. Left-Headed E.g. Vietnames, French
    c. Synthetic Compound, the headed lexeme is derived from a verb. E.g. Hand-washing,user-driven,
        Home-made. etc.
    d. Attribute Compound, the non-head works as a modifier like Snail-mail, wind-mill.
    e. Endocentric the referent of the compound is always same as the referent of its head. E.g. 
       Blackbird.
    f.  Exocentric the derived word has an external reference. E.g. Pickpocket.

8. Borrowing  
    - Taking over of words from another language.
    - English borrowed a lot of Latin and French words.
      Leak (Dutch), Barbecue (Spanish), Piano (Italian), Sofa (Arabic), Croissant (French), Yogurt 
      (Turkish).

9. Reduplication (Pengulangan kata)
    In this process all or part of the base is repeated as prefix or suffix.
    Examples: 
    a. Either with change of initial consonants. E.g. Willy-nilly, Hodge-podge, Hanky-panky, 
       Wishy-washy,. etc.
    b. With change of vowel. E.g. Chit-chat, Zig-zag.
    c. Without change/full reduplication. E.g. (Night-night, So-so, Win-win).

10. Eponym 
      These are new words based on proper nouns/names. They all involve some degree of change in 
      the meaning of the word. E.g. Boycott, Nicotine, Sandwich, Hamburger, Lean, Atlas, Nemesis 
      (greek god), Platonic, Panic (greek god), Assassin. etc.

11. Inflection (tidak merubah kelas kata)
      Inflection morphemeis a word formation that express grammatical distinctions. They perform 
      certain grammatical function like:
      - Number (singular vs plural), Eg. Cat-cats, Child-children.
      - Tense (present vs past), E.g. Walk-walked-walking-walks.
      - Person (first, second, third). E.g. 3rd
      - Case (subject, object, possessive). E.g. mother's child, mothers' children. etc.

12. Derivation (dapat merubah kelas kata)
      Derivation is a process of forming a new word on the basic of an existing word/ is formed by 
      adding an affix to the root/stem.
      Examples:
      - Adjective into adverb (Slow --> Slowly)
      - Adjective to Noun (Slow --> Slowness), (kind-kindness)
      - Adjective to verb ( Modern --> Modernise)
      - Adj to Adj (Red-Reddish)
      - Noun to verb (Glory-glorify)
      - verb to noun (write-writer), (swim-swimming)
      - Verb to Adj (Drink- drinkable)
   
    Thank you for reading guys, I hope it's useful for us. see you on next blog yeaa....